Bodybuilding
Zone Training: The Evolution of Bodybuilding
An Introduction
with Brian D. Johnston
Bigger muscular pumps. Faster
growth. Fuller and larger appearing muscles between workouts.
These are things we strive to achieve in training, although most
people who 'bodybuild' do not train like bodybuilders they train
like weight lifters. Weight lifting is a means to an end, and
when you become so fixated on how much you can lift for a certain
number of repetitions, you are setting yourself up for failure.
Bodybuilding is about an experience based on feel, and with your
mind being able to hone in on the feedback provided by the muscles.
Training by feel truly is a lost
art. Decades ago, before the use of anabolic steroids, bodybuilders
had to be more creative and sensitive to any biofeedback in order
to produce gains. For the most part they trained rhythmically
within a limited exercise zone, as they aimed for a big pump.
The reason for limited range training is that most exercises
have a 'sweet spot,' wherein some parts of an exercise range
feels dead or ineffective, or too hard, i.e., a sticking point.
For example, bench pressing feels more effective if you avoid
the top half or third of the movement, and biceps curls feel
best when you work the middle two-third of the movement, both
of which serve to maintain constant tension on the targeted muscle.
The thing is, old-time bodybuilders knew how to target, but they
did not take the concept of training in zones to its final conclusion,
to make exercise even more productive, which is the basis of
training in zones throughout the full range of movement.
The issue of targeting then is
an important factor. Proper bodybuilding requires that you relax
any non-targeted muscles as much as possible, and then squeezing
and flexing the targeted muscles to the maximum. Most people
do not train like this, as they contract and perform full body
heaves in an attempt to move a weight a factor referred
to as adaptive coordination, i.e., the muscles adapt to lifting
heavier loads by coordinating their actions in lifting the loads.
What then happens is that you start with 30-kilogram barbell
curls, and as the weight increases, so too does the participation
of the shoulders, back, legs, etc. In the end, your biceps are
not lifting much more than the original 30-kilograms as the slack
and extra load is taken up by other body parts. The thing is,
you don't notice this change, just like you don't notice how
your gluteals stick out more and you lean forward a bit more
as you continue to increase the load in barbell squats. It is
an adaptive skill that develops slowly over time, and this is
the reason why people get a lot stronger (more proficient in
lifting heavier weights) without a concomitant increase in muscle
mass.
In effect, there is a difference
between bodybuilding and weight lifting (i.e., powerlifting or
Olympic weight lifting). When you are a weight lifter, the objective
is to lift progressively heavier weights. If you are a bodybuilder,
your objective is to train the muscles to the best of your ability,
regardless of the load. In other words, it is not how much weight
you use, but how you use it.
All this is brought up for good
reason, in that exercise efficiency and productivity must be
considered if you want to hypertrophy the muscles as much as
possible, as opposed to being good at lifting heavy loads, whether
with free weights or machines. And this then introduces you to
the concept of Zone Training, which was elaborated upon
in the book The Johnston Rep Method (JReps),
and in even greater detail in the book Zone Training:
JReps Exploded View. This method of training is not
like anything you have experienced before, if done properly and
if you alter training loads to fit the method.
And do keep that in mind, that
Zone Training (JReps) is a method and not a set variable
something you throw it in your routine now and again. This method
literally will replace full range reps, and if you decide to
return to full range reps, for the sake of testing your strength
on the bench press or squat, you will be surprised as to how
much your ability has increased. Ironically, JReps require
that you reduce the load when training in zones, but when translated
to muscular function, full range training ability increases.
However, I'm getting ahead of myself. Let's look at the basic
concept of Zone Training.
Let's go back to the two examples
provided, that of the bench press and the barbell curl, two common
exercises. With the bench press, the hardest part of the exercise
would be the bottom half, whereas the top half is easier, because
of leverage factors. When you perform a full rep, the bottom
is very tough, whereas the tension eases off considerably. However,
try performing the bottom half to fatigue or close to fatigue,
and THEN perform the top half. Suddenly the top half is as challenging
as the bottom half, and the top zone becomes as productive in
developing strength and recruiting muscle fibers as the bottom
zone. This exercise can be broken down into more zones, such
as the bottom third, middle third, and then top third, working
your way up from the hardest to easiest zones. In fact, there
are eight basic ways in which to break down zones, and then a
dozen more ways in which to apply variables within those zones.
But, again, I'm getting ahead of myself.
Next, consider the barbell curl,
whereby the sticking point is in the middle of the exercise.
If you were to work in two-halves, you would work the top half
first, but when you lower the bar you do not go to the sticking
point, but a few centimeters just above the sticking point. And
then when you work the bottom half, you lift from the point of
stretch and up toward the sticking point. In this example, you
are working the exercise in halves while avoiding the sticking
point you work around the sticking point, but not through it.
And to provide a completely different feel to the exercise, you
can work it in thirds, starting with the sticking point, then
working the top third, followed by the bottom third.
All this may sound simple, but
the complex patterns and directions that Zone Training
takes you are quite diverse and as you learn to improvise while
exercising. For now, however, I want to elaborate on the basic
technique when working in zones. First, you must understand the
nature of the exercise, where the hard and easy zones exist.
Whether working in 'halves' or 'thirds,' work the hardest part
first, and then move into the easier parts (which will feel as
hard as you fatigue in the harder parts). If dividing the exercise
in halves, you will perform approximately 12 repetitions, which
should take you about 30 seconds to complete. Two halves then
will equal about 60 seconds of tension time per set. If dividing
an exercise in thirds, then aim for 8 repetitions per zone, which
will take you about 20 seconds each to complete and 60 seconds
total tension time. Don't be surprised if you need to rest 10-20
seconds between zones to achieve the desired rep count, or if
you need to reduce the weight slightly. The idea is to get those
rep counts, since I have found it less effective if the rep count
diminishes from one zone to the next.
Second, when training a muscle,
focus on its function. For example, with the chest press, the
pectorals' function is to adduct the arms, or to draw the arms
across the body, as is done with a pec deck or dumbbell flye
exercise. Consequently, whether performing those exercises or
a chest press or dip, focus on the pectorals squeezing together
as the arms pull in toward the body. Don't even think about lifting
the weight or moving the weight from point A to point B, but
the contraction of the muscle.
Next, move in a rhythmic, piston-like
manner. Squeeze into a powerful contraction (which will take
about one second to complete, and then one second to lower the
weight), but pause for a fraction of a second at either ends
of the zone's range. Squeeze and then release, and stop momentarily
at both ends of the range. It's as if you are flexing the muscle
while under the load, and then easing it back to the starting
position. You do not have to stop the weight for very long
only long enough to sense a slight and brief pause to avoid yanking,
bouncing, or jerking at the weight.
Try to achieve muscular fatigue
in each zone, or close to it. In some instances you may want
to fall short of fatigue by 1-2 reps, and I noticed that chest
presses, shoulder presses, and dips are a good example of leaving
a slight reserve. If you train the bottom half of those exercises
to the limit, there is no way you will achieve a sufficient repetition
count in the next zone, unless you include a 10-20 second break
between, which suggests how hard the top part of presses and
dips can become, although those zones are considered 'easy' when
doing regular, full range reps.
Breathing then coordinates with
the movement pattern. As you lift the weight, breathe out, and
as you lower the weight, breathe in. For those who have martial
arts experience, you are taught to exhale with great force as
you throw a punch or kick, and when performing katas (motion
patterns of martial arts moves) you do so with precision
and like a well-honed machine. The same is true of this training
method.
Finally, I recommend that you
reduce your typical training loads by at least 20%. As stated,
people often train like weight lifters, and they get their whole
bodies involved in the action. What you want to do is to relax,
as much as possible, any non-targeted muscles. Of course, this
is almost impossible with some exercises, like the barbell squat,
but is possible with most other exercises. The more you contract
non-targeted muscles, the more you take away from the muscles
you are trying to grow, and lifting heavier weights does not
mean you are training the targeted muscles harder.
Bear in mind that this is a very
simple overview, and the method is far more effective than it
may appear at first read. Consider what is happening throughout
a set of JRep 'halves,' such as the bench press performed
in the bottom half, followed by the top half:
1. You achieve approximately
24 contractions in a set that is about 60-seconds tension time.
The more contractions performed per unit of time, the more fatigue,
inroad, and effect you will notice in muscle hypertrophy. However,
moving too rapidly will make you sloppy and increase momentum
and a reduction of tension on the targeted muscles. For this
reason, do not exceed 12 repetitions per half (in 30 seconds)
or 8 per third (in 20 seconds). The number of recommended repetitions
per zone was discovered through trial and error, of how hard
and rapidly a person can flex and squeeze a muscle without reducing
tension or effectiveness, and without increasing momentum and
calling into play outlying muscles.
2. You achieve muscular fatigue
or near fatigue 2-3 times per set and throughout the full range
of movement, as opposed to only once per set and often at the
'sticking point' when doing traditional full range exercise.
3. The harder you exercise, and
the more contractions you perform, the greater the muscular pump
achieved. With this method, you will notice a maximum pump within
3-4 exercises, if trained hard enough and with proper form, as
outlined in this article. The pump is a vital aspect of bodybuilding,
in that it does not have an effect on the hypertrophy of muscle
fibers, but it does increase vascular proliferation, mitochondria
numbers, and an increase in sarcoplasm (the interstitial fluid
in and around muscle cells). This is why bodybuilding, who train
properly and pump up big, look different than strength-based
athletes bodybuilders have that thick, rounded, muscular
appearance.
4. After a month or so of training
in zones, you will find full range lifting ability will increase,
although, for most exercises, you may be using slightly lighter
weights with JReps. There is a reason for this. In the
squat, for example, the sticking point is when your thighs are
parallel to the floor or below. When doing full range reps, you
touch down in that area momentarily, and then rise up to the
standing position. In other words, you spend only a fraction
of a set in the hardest area and a majority of the set in the
easier top two-thirds. With Zone Training, you work the
bottom third constantly for 20-30 seconds, which increases exercise
demands and the overall effect considerably. This translates
to improved function and ability within that area of an exercise.
With this in mind, Zone Training is as effective, and as
pertinent, for powerlifters and other strength athletes as it
is for bodybuilders.
Before ending this article, here
is an example of applying zones in a reverse manner, although
this is far more demanding on the muscles and you should become
used to basic halves and thirds before trying this. On a leg
press, start with the easiest zone first (the top third near
lockout) and with a very heavy load. After reaching fatigue in
that zone, take 20-seconds rest and reduce the load, and then
perform the middle third. After another 20-second rest, reduce
the load again and then reach fatigue in the bottom third. Since
you rest briefly between zones, aim for a slightly higher rep
count of 10-12 reps per third zone (or around 15 per zone if
you do halves). How much you reduce the load between zones will
take some experimentation, since your leverage, response to exercise,
and the equipment used will govern as much.
This introduction to Zone Training
hopefully has peaked your curiosity, as it did with thousands
who now implement this method with themselves, and with clients
of fitness professionals. After 25 years of exercise, and not
being able to make further progress at age 41, I increased my
lean body mass, drug-free, by 5-kilograms within three months.
Moreover, my muscles look fuller, and I feel more solid and even
slightly pumped every day when not exercising. After trying
just about everything possible, I conclude that this is the final
step in productive bodybuilding.
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